before the decimal point.  The first two digits (1,100,000 meters) can be separated from the next five by a space.  The number of digits following the decimal point are dependent upon the order of survey and the accuracies needed.  An example of a UPS grid coordinate is 17 81256.41 - 26 41416.82. 3-18  UTM/UPS Overlap a.  General.  As with the Transverse Mercator and Polar Stereographic Projections, the UTM and UPS systems provide for a one degree overlap; each system continuing into the other for 30 minutes. b.  UTM/UPS.  The standard limits of the UTM and UPS grid systems are at 84° N and 80° S latitude.  A 30 minute overlap extends the UTM to 84° 30' N and 80° 30' S latitude.  The UPS is extended 30 minutes to 83° 30' N and 79° 30' S latitude. 3-19  Gauss-Kruger Grid a.  The Gauss-Kruger (GK) Grid System is referenced to the Gauss-Kruger (Transverse Mercator - tangent) projection.  The GK grid can be considered a universal grid, like UTM and UPS; however, it is generally thought of as a local grid covering Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and parts of Africa.  The grid is usually placed on a projection using one of the following reference ellipsoids:    Krassovsky: Russia (all former USSR), Albania after 1945, Afghanistan, Bulgaria, China to 1981, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Laos, Poland, Romania, and Somalia     GRS (China) 1980: China after 1981    Bessel: Albania through 1945, Austria, Germany, and North Korea b.  The GK grid has many similarities to the UTM grid.     1.  Each GK grid zone is 6° wide and they are numbered from 1 to 60; however, the zones start at the Prime Meridian (0° longitude) instead of the International Dateline (180° longitude).  This difference offsets the grid zone numbers by 30; therefore, UTM grid zone 6 is the same as GK grid zone 36.     2.  The central meridian of each GK grid zone is the same as the central meridian of each UTM grid zone.       3.  The north and south limits of the GK grid have not been rigidly defined but it is generally accepted that the limits are similar to those of the UTM grid system.     4.  Grid convergence is the same for a GK grid coordinate as it is for the corresponding UTM coordinate. c.  The origin for coordinates is the same in the GK system as the UTM system.  The false value applied to the equator is the same in both systems.  The easting; however, is slightly different.  The false value applied to the central meridian is 500,000, like UTM, with the grid zone number added to the millions place.  For example, the easting value of the central meridian in GK grid zone 6 is 6,500,000 meters. d.  GK Grid Coordinates.  A GK grid coordinate is expressed with the northing written before the easting. The northing is written with seven digits before the decimal point with and may have a space between the first two and the next five digits.  The easting is written with the grid zone first, then with six digits before the decimal point.  A space can be placed between the 100,000 meter place and the next five digits.  An example of a GK grid coordinate in zone 5 is:  38 25411.24 - 56 39127.84.  (This example uses the same numbers as the example for a UTM coordinate, para 3-13,f,1.) 3-20  Converting from GK to UTM a.  General.  Conversions from the GK grid to the UTM grid can be performed simply by applying the UTM scale factor to the GK grid.  The UTM and GK grids are both referenced to the same projection (the Transverse Mercator Projection and Gauss-Kruger Projection can be considered the same, para 7a), the only difference being that the UTM grid is oriented to a secant cylinder while the GK grid is oriented to a tangent cylinder.  Since both grid systems use the same central meridians in each zone and since the false values applied to the origins for easting and northing are basically the same, the only major difference to be considered is the scale factor.  The Gauss-Kruger Projection has a scale factor of 1.00 (exact or unity) at DRAFT 3-20