b.  Laborde Projection.  This projection is used to map the island of Madagascar.  It is an Oblique Mercator type projection with the long axis of the cylinder oriented at 18° 54' East of North.  Scale factor at the origin is 0.9995.  This projection is used with the International Ellipsoid. c.  West Malaysia Rectified Skew Orthomorphic (RSO) Projection.  This projection is used to map the islands of Malaysia.  It is an Oblique Mercator type projection with the long axis of the cylinder oriented at 36° 58' 27.1542" East of North.  Scale factor at the origin is 0.99984.  This projection is used with the Modified Everest Ellipsoid to map the West Malaysia RSO Grid System. d.  Many other Oblique Mercator Projections are used to map areas of the world.  Most are designed to work with a specific grid system like the West Malaysia system described above.  Examples of these systems include, but are not limited to, the following: Alaska Zone 1 RSO Borneo RSO Great Lakes (4 Zones) RSO Liberia RSO Malaya (chain) RSO Malaya (yard) RSO Switzerland Oblique Mercator 3-12  New Zealand Map Grid Projection     The New Zealand Map Grid Projection (NZMG) is used to map New Zealand.  It is a "sixth-order complex-algebra polynomial modification" of the Mercator Projection.  A cylinder cannot necessarily be considered in this projection; it is a mathematical projection set secant to the International Ellipsoid. The NZMG has no defined scale factor at the central meridian, scale factor ranges from 1.00023 to 0.00078 over the entire projection. 3-13  Cassini Projection a.  The Cassini Projection can be viewed outwardly as a Gauss-Kruger projection in that the cylinder is transversed 90° from the Mercator Projection and is also tangent to the ellipsoid at the central meridian of a zone.  The Cassini Projection; however, predates the Gauss-Kruger and Transverse Mercator Projections. The projection is made by treating all meridians as planes which extend from the ellipsoid out to the cylinder.  This projection causes the equator and central meridian to be perpendicular straight lines.  All other meridians appear as lines which intersect the equator at right angles and curve toward the central meridian except for those meridians which are located 90° from the central meridian.  Those meridians appear as straight lines which are parallel to the equator.  Scale factor at the Cental Meridian is unity (1.00 or exact).  This projection is still used in some areas for civil and local grid systems; however, it is considered obsolete for most purposes and in many areas has been replaced by the Transverse Mercator Projection.  This projection is sometimes referred to as the Cassini-Solder Projection. b.  Some of the local grids which use the Cassini Projection and may still be available are: Cyprus Grid-superseded in 1967 English Grid-superseded in 1950 Irish Grid-superseded in 1976 Jahore Grid-superseded in 1967 Malay Grid-superseded in 1967 Palestine Civil-still in use c.  Position differences between Cassini grid systems and Transverse Mercator grid systems are slight.  For example, northing is the same in the Palestine Cassini Civil Grid as it is in the Palestine Transverse Mercator Civil Grid.  The easting difference between the two is zero at 20 Km from the central meridian and only 4.1 meters at 100 Km from the central meridian.     Table 3-2        Table 3-3     Table 3-4 DRAFT 3-14